Automatic Assembly Line

A fully automated production line describes equipment and systems that complete all or part of the process with machines and virtually little to no human intervention. In a fully automated production environment, employee involvement is typically limited to loading product recipes into the machine interface before supervising and monitoring the system for issues, such as part replenishment that requires loading product components into the respective feed systems.

Semi-automated systems employ more human intervention to initiate machine commands following the manual loading of parts into fixtures or other such tooling. This type of system can involve humans working side by side with automation. For example, some tasks require more dexterity than a human may be able to reasonably handle, so collaborative robotics and other such automation assistance systems can be added. In another example, employees may be in charge of moving parts or products from one assembly station to another, while more automated systems at these stations complete repetitive tasks.

Today, many manufacturers follow an overall lean manufacturing strategy, whereby automation is only added to steps in the assembly process where it will add value. In these systems, comprehensive studies are done to determine where automation adds value to the process and areas where it does not — these stations are stripped to basics relying on humans to carry out the tasks. Companies do not install technology such as robotics, vision, conveyance, or other systems in this type of automation unless they add value to the overall production line. Conversely, if automation adds value, then the manufacturers can choose to make the investment and adopt it. As an example, manufacturers who produce low volumes of select products would find that the capital investment required to add automation does not have a favorable return on investment (ROI), thereby making it more cost-effective for employees to move parts themselves or keep parts in one place instead of installing a high-speed robot to move them.

Continuous motion technology is a key component in high-throughput manufacturing automation. This assembly technology typically involves using mechanical or servo-based cams, tooling, and sometimes machine vision to optimize cycle time to attain high throughput speeds that could never be achieved through manual labor or semi-automatic automation. Benefits of continuous motion include higher system overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), reduced cycle time, and increased system throughput largely due to the optimized time for material transfers between subsequent assembly/process stations. Typically, manufacturers who make a consistent product, in which the assemblies are identical, benefit from integrating continuous-motion technology into their assembly lines. Advances in servo-based cam technology is expanding the possibilities of this technology into areas such as medical device assembly and filling applications requiring high-throughput — in these instances, continuous motion is growing.

Fixed, or hard, automation involves applications that use hard-tooled automation platforms that are made specifically for the product and generally do not allow flexibility due to the tooling being dedicated to a specific product. Fixed or hard automation is starting to see use of robotics, vision, and other technology as their price point has come down to justify their use in certain portions of the system; however, as these products also offer flexibility that really does not get used in these applications, it only makes sense to use them when their cost is in the realm of a hard-tooled station. This is largely because in a hard or fixed automation application, the way the product is assembled is done the same way every time. Typical applications also include material handling and related conveyance systems. These applications usually are much faster and more repeatable than traditional manual methods. However, operators must retool and reprogram the technology for each new product.

Comparatively, programmable or soft automation applications are known as flexible automation because they can adapt operations to new parts or products with little or no downtime due to preprogrammed recipes that allow ease of product changeover. As a result, these applications typically do not have output as high volume as fixed automation.